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A CRISIS OF FAITH
Byzantine Iconoclasm and the Search for Holiness in the Medieval World

by John Giebfried and Kyle Lincoln


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When Byzantium broke its images, it nearly broke itself.

It's 787, and the Byzantine Empire is tearing itself apart over images. Empress Irene has called a council in Nicaea to settle the question once and for all: are religious icons sacred objects worthy of veneration, or dangerous idols that must be destroyed? Students play bishops, monks, courtiers, and foreign diplomats, each armed with their own reading of scripture and their own political agenda. They'll debate whether art can depict God, whether icons can be holy, and who has the authority to decide — all while jockeying for power on issues from papal primacy to imperial succession. The game asks what happens when theology becomes politics, and politics becomes theology.

ABOUT THE GAME

Details

Disciplines
Art History, Classics/Classical Antiquity, Cultural & Social History, Medieval History, Philosophy, Religion, Rhetoric & Performance Studies, Western Civ/History, World History, Byzantine History

Sample Class Titles
Western/World Civ I, Medieval History, Art History I

Themes & Issues
Art, Image, and Representation; Holiness and the Sacred; Church and State Politics; Theological Debate and Orthodoxy; East-West Relations in Christendom


Era
8th Century

Geography
Europe, Asia

Notable Roles
Empress-Regent Irene, St. Theodore the Studite, Yahya ibn Khalid

Primary Source Highlights
"The Iconoclast Council of Hieria on Images;" "On the Holy Icons," Theodore of Studite; "On the Divine Images," John of Damascus

Level (What's This Mean?)
Short Game Under Review

Player Interactions
Coalition-Building, Collaborative, Factional

Mechanics
Differentiated Voting, Divided Spaces, Formal Podium Rule, Physical Prop(s), Rolling Dice

Chaos and Demands on Instructor
Medium Chaos; Medium Demand on Instructor.


Using the Game

Class Size and Scalability 
This game is recommended for classes with 10-30 students. 

Class Time
For this short game, 1 setup session and 2 game sessions are recommended.

Assignments
You can adjust the assignments based on the desired learning outcomes of your class. The game includes traditional paper/research/thesis-driven writing. All roles are required to give a speech.



GAME MATERIALS

Reacting Consortium members can access all downloadable materials below. You will be asked to sign in before downloading.  

Please fill out the Permissions Request Form before using Iconoclasm, 787 in your class!

Gamebook

Students need a Gamebook, which includes directions, resources, and historical content. 

Instructor's Manual

The Instructor's Manual includes guidance for assigning roles, presenting historical context, assignments, activities and discussion topics, and more.   

Role Sheets & Additional Materials

Students also need a Role Sheet, which contains biographical information, role-specific resources or assignments, and their character's secret victory objectives. 


ABOUT THE AUTHORS

John Giebfried

John Giebfried is a historian of intercultural connections in Medieval Eurasia, especially in relation to the Crusades and the Mongol invasions. He has taught at over half a dozen institutions across three continents, and currently works in the faculty of History and Digital Humanities at the University of Vienna.

Kyle Lincoln

Kyle C. Lincoln is Associate Professor of Pre-Modern European History and Interdisciplinary Humanities at Southeastern Oklahoma State University. His 2021 Reacting textbook, co-authored with John Giebfried, Remaking the Medieval World: The Fourth Crusade, 1204, won several prizes, including the Reacting Consortium's Brilliancy Prize.

QUESTIONS

Members can contact game authors directly if they have questions about using the game. We also invite instructors join our Facebook Faculty Lounge, where you'll find a wonderful community eager to help and answer questions. 


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Church and State on the Road to Canossa, 1075-1077

reacting@barnard.edu

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